BBC A fisherman-turned-pirate looking directly at the camera through a blue patterned scarf wrapped around his head only allowing his eyes to peep through - Eldoret, SomaliaBBC

Two Somali fishermen dressed in obese scarves over their heads to cover their faces look round furtively as they advance into the room for a hidden assembly to inform me why they have got not too long ago made up our minds to grow to be gun-wielding pirates – on the lookout for million-dollar ransoms.

“You are free to record – we accept,” one tells me as they sit down ill nervously for the interview that has taken months to arrange within the mini coastal the town of Eyl.

This behaviour is in get started distinction to the bravado of the pirates who old to strut round this fascinating, historic port nestled between arid mountains on Somalia’s Indian Ocean coast.

It has all the time been thought to be strategic, no longer simplest as a result of its location but additionally as it has a fresh-water supply – and all through the piracy growth of the early to mid-2000s the pirates made it their bottom.

It become referred to as “Harunta Burcadda” – the Pirate Capital. From right here, they centered the container ships that shipping items all over the world or even some oil tankers, forcing transport firms to modify their routes.

The regional government held negative sway – and the native police drive was once too scared to go into town.

Pirates stored their hijacked ships anchored offshore and companies within the the town and pocket profited from ransom bills. Between 2005 and 2012 the Global Cupboard estimates pirate teams earned between $339m (£267m) and $413m.

However the pirates suffered a reversal of fortunes when world navies started to patrol the seas off Somalia and at the present time the Puntland Maritime Police Drive has a bottom in Eyl.

Maximum public within the the town welcomed this because the pirates introduced with them eye-watering inflation, medicine, alcohol and a notoriety that the native Muslim elders avoided.

However the longstanding resentment felt against international transport, specifically fishing trawlers, hasn’t ever long past away in a the town stuffed with fishermen that depends upon the ocean for its survival. To this hour they accuse those fishing boats of stealing their dwelling – incessantly violently.

“Ships came and took all our equipment and belongings,” Farah, some of the fisherman-turned-pirates having a look out defensively from in the back of his blue shawl, tells the BBC.

Each his identify and that of his good friend Diiriye, who’s wrapped in a white scarf, had been modified – some of the statuses of our assembly.

He and a couple of others had invested roughly $10,000 in a fishing project for a ship, outboard engine and nets. However Farah says extreme month the staff of 1 international trawler got here and stole the nets, in conjunction with its catch, and later shot the engine – destroying it.

The pair give every other instance: a few of their kinfolk had long past out to test their nets one morning and not got here again – in most cases the fisherman travel out at daybreak and go back earlier than the noon warmth hits.

3 days nearest they have been discovered, floating against the seaside.

“There were bullets in their bodies,” Diiriye says.

“They had no guns; they had gone to the sea with their nets to make their livelihood.”

Hassan Lali / BBC Puntland Maritime Police Force officers standing in uniforms and with guns on a beach in front of cliffs in Eyl, SomaliaHassan Lali / BBC

Officials from the Puntland Maritime Police Drive are actually based totally in Eyl

Farah is going on: “We work and live by the sea. The sea is our business.

“When any individual intimidates you and robs you, it’s obligatory to combat. They brought about the combat. Had they no longer taken our constituent, we might no longer travel to piracy.”

These men – aged in their 30s – are not alone in making the decision over the last year to turn to piracy.

According to the European Union’s naval force Operation Atalanta, which patrols nearby, there were 26 pirate attacks between 2013 and 2019 – and then not a single one from 2020 to 2022. But they resumed in 2023, with six attacks and surged to 22 this year, figures until 5 December show.

Most of these skirmishes do not end up in a successful hijacking – but when it does, it pays. Pirates say they received a ransom of $5m to release the Bangladesh-flagged MV Abdullah, hijacked in March 2024. The vessel’s owner has not confirmed this, but did say it was freed following negotiations.

Assets in the semi-autonomous Puntland state, where Eyl is located, told the BBC they estimate about 10 gangs, each with around 12 members, are operating in the area.

They go off to sea for 15 to 30 days at a time, packing their small speed-boats with AK-47s, rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs), food and fuel.

Farah and Diiriye say their aim is to hijack a medium-sized vessel deep in the Indian Ocean and then make it back to their mother ship, using its GPS tracking system to find bigger ships to target.

“You’ll assault the ships the use of mini velocity boats,” says Farah.

Their Bazooka rocket launcher is also an essential part of their strategy.

“We usefulness the RPG to forbid the send. When the send doesn’t forbid, we execute over it. We don’t explode. The try is to get one thing, to not explode. [The aim is] to frighten them,” says Diiriye.

All this weaponry does not come cheap – so the gangs essentially seek funding from interested investors. The disgruntled fishermen put out feelers and a syndicate is formed often involving different businessmen from the cities of Garowe and Bosaso.

One may fund the boats, another the weapons and a third sundries like fuel. These entrepreneurs sometimes invest in several groups in the hope that one of them will hit the jackpot when a vessel is captured so they can get their cut of the ransom.

And it is easy to get hold of a gun in Somalia – even in Eyl you can pick up an AK-47 for about $1,200, a legacy of its two-decade civil war and years of lawlessness.

Farah and Diiriye say they were not involved in the piracy boomtime and have not taken any advice from retired pirates, some of whom also started out as disgruntled fishermen.

Most of these old pirates have left the area – often they have gone abroad or have repented.

In one famous case a former pirate – Abdirahman Bakeyle – gave away his wealth. In 2020, he donated the houses and hotels he had bought in Garowe to Muslim charities and is now a travelling preacher going from town to town in Puntland urging people to lead an austere and morally upright life.

Adado, a town in central Somalia where pirates once invested, earned the nicknamed “Blue Town” because their newly built mansions often had blue-painted iron sheet roofs.

A good deal of these houses now lie empty – or available to rent for as little as $100 a month.

In Eyl, the town elders say the main legacy of piracy is the prevalence of alcohol, often smuggled in from Ethiopia, and drugs such as opioids – with concerns that some young men who already chew the stimulant leaf khat, a popular afternoon pastime, are becoming addicts.

The men who gather outside teashops in the afternoons to play dominoes and discuss the news say they do not approve of piracy – although they understand the enmity towards foreign ships.

The recent incident of the three fishermen who were shot dead clearly rankles with many.

Ali Mursal Muse, who has been fishing for lobsters and sharks off Eyl for about 40 years to support his wife and 12 children, believes they may have been mistaken for pirates – as he was years ago.

“We left right here with every other fishing boat and going to the ocean. On the identical week pirates attempted to hijack a boat. A aircraft got here. My boat got here to the shore; the alternative fishing boat was once attacked,” he remembers.

Hassan Lali / BBC Hawa Mohamed Zubery wearing a red headscarf and pictured sitting on the floor in her dwelling in Eyl with two of her children looking on from the either sideHassan Lali / BBC

Hawa Mohamed Zubery believes her fisherman husband was mistaken for a pirate – he has been missing for 14 years

Forty-year-old widow Hawa Mohamed Zubery believes her husband suffered the same fate 14 years ago when he went missing.

This was when piracy was at its peak and she had just given birth to a son, whom they wanted to circumcise.

“My husband was once pondering that if he stuck a shark later shall we pay to have the newborn circumcised,” she tells the BBC, clearly still distressed about his death. She says she struggles to pay school fees for her children from her living selling samosas.

Mr Muse says the main issue for him these days is the unethical behaviour of fishing fleets from countries like Iran and Yemen which often steal his equipment.

He believes they are issued with fake Somali fishing licences by powerful local backers who also provide them with gunmen for protection. He accused them of looting their catches and muscling in on their fishing grounds.

“They have got a zone they paintings and so they even come at the seaside. Once we travel and ask for our apparatus again, they execute at us. Not too long ago, they harm some public. They shot a boy, wounding his hand and leg.”

The fisherman says he has complained to the local authorities on multiple occasions, but nothing is ever done.

Puntland’s Information Minister Caydid Dirir admits the presence of some illegal vessels and says some foreign ships may be granted licences and “waste them”.

“Unlawful fishing exists in all seas, and piracy can happen anyplace. Journey is being made progressively,” he tells the BBC.

Illegal fishing has been a controversial issue in Somalia for many years.

Many fishing vessels operate without licences or with licences issued by bodies without the authority to do so, according to the Global Initiative against Transnational Organised Crime.

It quotes evidence, including satellite navigational data, to show that many of the vessels originate from China, Iran, Yemen and south-east Asia. A report from the US embassy in Mogadishu suggests Somalia loses $300m each year as a result.

Operation Atalanta’s Rear Admiral Manuel Alvargonzález Méndez says his forces only target pirate vessels and now also have to protect ships from Yemen’s Houthi rebels.

But he maintains the area is much safer and Somalis can now “forged their fishing nets with out concern” – as does the Puntland Maritime Police Force, which works closely with the EU naval mission.

Hassan Lali / BBC Three men - two with beards - sit on plastic chairs outside in Eyl, SomaliaHassan Lali / BBC

Elders in Eyl do not want to see the return of pirates

Its commander Farhan Awil Hashi is confident that it will not return to the “wicked worn days” of piracy.

He believes the long-term answer is “activity establishing”.

“Younger public should get jobs, all the time. If the individual is busy doing one thing, they are going to no longer take into consideration heading to the ocean and hijacking ships,” he tells the BBC.

Farah and Diiriye make the same argument – they say because fishing no longer pays, hijacking a ship for ransom is the only way they can support their children.

They know piracy is wrong – and Diiriye admits he is too scared to tell his own mother.

“If she knew, she can be very disillusioned. In truth, she would tell the government.”

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